(This column further develops a recent Labor South posting on Walmart and the global labor solidarity that the company's treatment of workers is inspiring.)
“Mr. Sam” said it best 20 years ago.
“In the beginning, I was so chintzy. … I really didn’t pay
my employees very well,” the founder of Walmart said in his 1992 autobiography,
Sam Walton: Made in America. “I was
so obsessed with turning in a profit margin of 6 percent or higher that I
ignored some of the basic needs of our people, and I feel bad about it.”
Not bad enough, however, to change the course or culture of
the world’s largest retailer. Walmart’s “chintzy” attitude toward the wages and
benefits of its workers isn’t news. What may be news to many, however, is just
how bad it is for workers at Walmart suppliers around the world.
This became tragically clear Nov. 24 when a fire broke out
in the Tazreen garment factory in Dhaka, Bangladesh, killing 112 workers. They
burned to death in a building without fire exits. The factory produced apparel
for Walmart and Sam’s Club as well as for Sears, Disney, Sean Combs’ Enyce and
other Western corporations.
Walmart was quick to distance itself from the tragedy. Spokesmen
said the company had ended relations with the factory prior to the fire and
even conducted an audit that indicated safety problems there. Investigations by
the New York Times, Bloomberg News and others have indicated,
however, that a third of the factory’s production lines were committed to
Walmart and suppliers still used it this year.
In addition, Walmart apparently took a lead role in opposing
an effort in 2011 to have corporations step forward and fund improved safety
measures within the South Asian garment industry. Funding such measures “is not financially
feasible” is how one top Walmart official described it in a document revealed
by Bloomberg News reporters.
The Tazreen tragedy has sparked an international outcry. Protesters in Charleston, S.C., including members of the International Longshoremen’s
Association, last week showed their solidarity by briefly
shutting down the Wando Welch Shipping Terminal, where the ship Maersk Carolina
and its load of Tazreen-made, Walmart-bound clothing had docked.
The protest may just be a prelude to an East Coast and Gulf
Coast-wide longshoremen’s strike on December 30 if contract negotiations
between the ILA and ports and shipping companies’ representatives don’t produce
acceptable results.
Walmart workers across the country have staged walkouts and
strikes for the past month to bring attention to the company’s treatment of its workers. Walmart’s
assault weapon business has also come under scrutiny since the recent shooting
deaths of young children at the Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Conn.
The garment and textile industries that once were the
cornerstone of the economy of the U.S. South are now spread throughout Asia and
are a $20 billion-a-year enterprise in Bangladesh alone. Walmart is a $1
billion customer of Bangladesh’s garment factories.
What is life like in those factories? At the Tazreen
factory, 70 percent of the 1,400 workers are women. Women are a dominant part
of the industry’s workforce. Wages are minimal, benefits few, hours long, and
working conditions poor. An investigation by Dhaka fire officials after the
Tazreen tragedy showed that at least 64 of 232 nearby factories have safety
problems.
In September, an even worse tragedy took place in Karachi,
Pakistan, where 262 workers died in a horrible fire at a textile factory. The
factory had actually been given a thumbs-up in a safety inspection three weeks
earlier by the industry-backed nonprofit Social Accountability International
organization. Survivors of the blaze told of workers trapped by locked exits
and windows.
A larger story exists here. It’s a story with a long, sad
history.
It goes back as far as 1911, when 146 workers, most of them
young women, either burned to death or jumped to their death in the Triangle
Shirtwaist fire in New York City. The women worked sixty hours a week in a
factory where the doors were impossible to open—an anti-theft measure, some
believe. When fire broke out, they faced the choice of a fiery death or jumping
from as high as the ninth floor to the street below. “Down came the bodies in a
shower, burning, smoking—flaming bodies, with disheveled hair trailing upward,”
wrote United Press reporter William G. Shepherd in his harrowing eyewitness
account.
Eighty years later, in September 1991, a fire broke out in
the Imperial Food Products plant in Hamlet, N.C., killing 25 and injuring 40 or
more. “Let me out!” passers-by heard the trapped workers scream. A subsequent
investigation revealed the doors were locked to prevent employees from stealing
chickens.
Last June a 20-year-old worker died in an explosion that
also injured two others at the Pascagoula, Miss., plant owned by the Madison,
Miss.-based Mississippi Phosphates Corp. He was the second employee to die in
an explosion at the plant in two weeks. Mississippi Phosphates has a dozen or
more federal safety violations on its record and has faced some $20,000 in
resulting fines.
The fire that killed three and injured three more workers on
an oil platform in the Gulf Coast in November is a bigger story in the
Philippines than here. The reason? The workers were all Filipino, and a class
action lawsuit claims such workers in Louisiana live in slave-like conditions,
working as many as 100 hours a week and sleeping under lock and key in a
crowded bunkhouse.
In today’s neo-liberal, global economy--and Walmart is a key player in that economy--workers are the
cheapest commodity. Corporations spend millions on sophisticated public
relations to create their own “Mr. Sam”-like image while overseeing a world of
sweatshop labor that Charles Dickens would recognize. Meanwhile, we shoppers
continue our merry search for sales, rarely, if ever, giving a thought to the
hands that make the products we buy.